Lee Jae-myung Hit with New Legal Challenges Ahead of South Korea Snap Election

On May 1, South Korea's Supreme Court overturned the acquittal of opposition leader Lee Jae-myung in an election law violation case, remanding it to the Seoul High Court.

Lee, a top contender in the June 3 snap presidential election, had been indicted for publishing false information during the 2022 presidential campaign.

The case centers on Lee's comments on rezoning the Korea Food Research Institute site in Seongnam City. It also involves his connection to the late Kim Moon-ki, a former deputy director at the Seongnam Urban Development Corporation. Both controversies date back to his tenure as the city's mayor.

A district court convicted the opposition leader in November 2024 and handed down a one-year prison sentence with two years' probation. That decision was overturned in March 2025, when the High Court found Lee not guilty.

In a 10-2 ruling on May 1, South Korea's highest court found Lee's past remarks misleading and ruled that the earlier court had misapplied the relevant statutes. The High Court, with a new panel of judges, will rehear the case starting on May 15.

While the ruling is unlikely to be finalized before the June vote, the cloud of legal uncertainty undercuts Lee's momentum at a critical moment.

*Lee Jae-myung and DP members attend the 21st Presidential Election Task Force launching ceremony. (©Park Chan-dae FB)*

Candidacy in Peril

Under South Korean law, candidates who violate the Public Offices Election Act face serious penalties. Those fined more than ₩1 million KRW (approximately $700) are barred from running for office for five years. Receiving a prison sentence can extend the ban to ten years.

"Barring any new material evidence, the appellate court will have little choice but to align with the Supreme Court's legal interpretation," said Kang Yong-suk, an attorney and former lawmaker. "Even if Lee seeks another appeal, the Supreme Court will eventually hand down a guilty verdict within six months."

Should Lee win the presidential race, a conviction after taking office would force him to step down, Kang said.

Some, however, argue that criminal trials and indictments initiated before the inauguration must be suspended during a president's term in office.

"Article 84 of South Korea's Constitution bars a sitting president from criminal prosecution during their term, except in cases of insurrection or treason," said Lee Dong-hwan, an attorney experienced in handling criminal cases. "Lee Jae-myung would be no exception."

Court Clash Over Presidential Immunity

Legal experts remain divided on whether the term prosecution extends to trials already underway before a presidential candidate takes office.

At a National Assembly hearing in October 2024, Kim Jung-won, secretary-general of the Constitutional Court, was asked a relevant question. When asked whether a sitting president would lose their position if convicted in a case predating their inauguration, Kim replied, “Legally speaking, it appears so.”

Ultimately, the final interpretation will rest with the nation's Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court.

*DP lawmakers denounce the recent Supreme Court ruling as a judicial coup and political interference. (©Park Chan-dae FB)*

Responding to Thursday's decision, Lee Jae-myung stated, "Well, it's a completely different direction from what I thought...But what matters most is the will of the people."

Despite growing pressure from the ruling party and even some factions within his camp to step down, Lee has vowed to press on with his campaign.

His party, which has faced criticism for being seen as the party of Lee Jae-myung, appears largely united in support.

On May 2, the opposition Democratic Party of Korea (DP) introduced a bill to amend the Criminal Procedure Act. The proposed change would suspend ongoing criminal trials for any individual elected president. This move is widely seen as an attempt to shield Lee should he take office.

Beyond the election violation case, the opposition chief is entangled in four other criminal trials on charges ranging from coaching a witness, corruption, and third-party bribery.

A conviction in any of these cases could inflict lasting damage on Lee's reputation, leaving his political legacy in tatters.