South Koreans demand more compensation for already settled wartime claims in face of South Korean district court decion that denied their claims under international law. (© Kyodo)
On November 13, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida held his first official meeting with South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol in Phnom Penh. South Korean government officials said although the Japanese and South Korean leaders discussed no specifics about the issue of wartime Korean workers in Japan, the number of potential solutions was narrowed down to one or two by working-level negotiators.
The Yoon government since its start has made efforts to avoid a situation in which some Japanese companies' confiscated assets are converted into cash for compensation payments to wartime Korean workers, forcing the Japanese government to impose sanctions for it.
An initially proposed solution called "payments by subrogation," under which the South Korean government pays the compensation in place of the Japanese companies, has been dropped because it has been found that such payments must be approved by plaintiffs in suits for the compensation.
Instead, a "concurrent debt assumption" formula, which would lead the Foundation for Victims of Forced Mobilization by Imperial Japan to assume the payments without approval by the plaintiffs, has emerged and the two countries' foreign ministry officials are now discussing legal aspects of the proposal in detail, according to the officials.
Traps are a Problem With the Foundation's Formula
There are three problems with the foundation's proposed assumption of the compensation payments. The first is a trap of by involving the Japanese companies. If they become involved, the Japanese defendant companies could become entangled in the foundation's payment process and forced to directly or indirectly admit their debt. Under the "concurrent debt assumption" formula, the Japanese companies as debtors, and the foundation as debt assumer, are required to conclude a contract for the assumption.
There also is an opinion in South Korea that the Japanese companies should invest in the foundation. The Japanese companies' conclusion of such a contract or investment in the foundation would mean that they accept the South Korean Supreme Court's ruling that has ordered them to pay compensation in violation of international law.
Among the Japanese companies, Nippon Steel Corp. and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd., have been acquitted of the responsibility for the compensation under Japanese court rulings. But the South Korean top court issued contrary ruling in October 2018. That court concluded that the Japanese court rulings ran counter to South Korean social order, including good morals. Therefore, they said, the Japanese ruling could not be approved as effective.
As a result, Japanese and South Korean judicial orders contradict each other. In such a situation, Japanese companies should not take any action that could be interpreted as accepting the South Korean court's order.
Accounting for the San Francisco Peace Treaty
The second problem is the lack of fairness. If the foundation's assumption of the compensation payments is realized through the South Korean government's hard efforts, the Japanese companies' assets may be protected. Such a solution is welcomed as it would abide by international law.
In South Korea, however, many former wartime workers, soldiers, and paramilitary personnel excluded from the solution are expected to erupt in complaints saying it is unfair.
The third problem is the "spell" of South Korean top court ruling. It is based on the premise of the existence of the "right to compensation for mental suffering from Japan's illegal rule" of the Korean Peninsula.
Such a right was not admitted in the San Francisco Peace Treaty. The South Korean government has never asserted the right since the normalization of relations between the two countries in 1965. But some lawyers, scholars, and activists in Japan and South Korea believe that Japan should pay such compensation.
Japan Should Not Yield It's National Interests
All three problems are not easy to solve. The framework for the foundation's assumption of the compensation payments may be maintained only when the Yoon government keeps the governing power.
The Japanese side should be prepared for the next government in South Korea to take a different view. It might require the Japanese government and companies to accept again what would run counter to international law.
While considering such a possibility, Japan has no choice but to keep some distance from South Korea. It must deal with the country in a way that ensures Japan's national interests are defended.
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(A version of this article was first published by the Japan Institute for National Fundamentals, Speaking Out #987 in Japanese on November 21, 2022.)
Author: Tsutomu Nishioka
Tsutomu Nishioka is a senior fellow and a Planning Committee member at the Japan Institute for National Fundamentals and a visiting professor at Reitaku University. He covers South and North Koreas.
Thank you Mr. Tsutomu Nishioka,
I hope the LDP party still has half a brain left, and not make the same mistakes over and over again, with apologies and compensation in one form or another.
S.Korea will never stop, as long as Japan is willing to play this Korean Squid Games. Under a new Korean PM, we can deal with another Moon Jae-in, who will go back on agreements signed, promises made, tell Korean Court it's ok to target Japanese assets, S.Korea will dream of new issues with Japan every 5 to 10 years. It's not in Korean interest to truly have better relations towards a Weak Japan. Better to swing back and forth, and milk the cows in the neighborhood for everything they are worth.
This South Korean issues, especially after the Unification Church disaster, and Assassination of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, has me completely disgusted towards S.Korean Games and Tactics! Japan received no apology or compensation from S.Korea, no arrest or shutdown of this cult, another full pass for S.Korea and Korean crimes. Apparently S.Koreans are waiting for another apology and compensation from Japan! Most ridiculous thing I've ever heard! Complete shame how Japan can't even handle half of Korea! A S.Korea which needs Island Japan for its very survival! No American help or intervention can ever happened without Japan's land and water being used.
Best wishes to Japan Forward. Please continue speaking the truth. Only by standing up to S.Korean abuses and lies we can truly have a Long Last Relationship instead of temporary agreements which always made things worse!